Mathematics is an intrinsic part of the problem-solving, investigation, testing, design and analysis work undertaken by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. It makes it possible to develop a comprehensive data-base of information in a cost-effective way. It enables us to draw value from the data through exploration of the patterns in it, and estimation of the confidence that might reasonably be put in the inferences drawn. A fascinating aspect of the application of mathematics in industry is that, in the practical environment, no particular solution ever seems directly applicable. Rather, the principles of past findings must be understood as a basis for drawing out further solutions, thereby enhancing and developing new theory to fit the real world. Researchers and graduate practitioners, having a very strong understanding of the principles behind the known theory and the basis on which it has been developed, are needed to be able to extend and apply that theory appropriately in the practical environment.